A new study from researchers at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences has identified a previously unknown consequence of viral infection: excess RNA inside a cell can disrupt its ability to produce energy. The findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The research indicates that when excess RNA accumulates within cells during poxvirus infection, it impairs mitochondria. These structures are responsible for generating most of a cell’s energy, and their impairment reduces the cell's ability to function normally. The discovery offers new insights into viral infections, aging-related diseases, and RNA-based therapeutics, including mRNA vaccines, as excess RNA can accumulate in each of these conditions.
Dr. Zhilong Yang, professor in VMBS’ Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, noted that scientists have long known RNA degradation helps control protein production and remove defective RNA. The study reveals another important role: it helps cells maintain the energy they need to function properly. The findings suggest that RNA degradation serves a broader purpose than previously realized.
In addition to controlling protein production, RNA quality control, and helping cells regulate immune responses, it also protects the cell’s ability to generate energy.
Messenger RNA carries genetic instructions for making proteins, while double-stranded RNA is commonly produced during viral infections to alert the immune system. Viruses can produce large amounts of RNA. If cells cannot break down this excess quickly enough, the buildup damages mitochondria. While scientists knew excess double-stranded RNA triggers immune responses, the effects of messenger RNA were unexpected.
